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Base64 is a way of representing binary data as plain ASCII text — it converts every 3 bytes of input into 4 printable characters drawn from a 64-character alphabet. It's used everywhere: embedding images in HTML and CSS, encoding data in JWT tokens, pasting binary content into JSON or XML, and attaching files in emails. The encoded output is always about 33% larger than the input, which is the trade-off for making arbitrary data safe to transmit through text-only channels.