| Rating | Max Zs at 0°C | Max Zs (measured) |
|---|
The earth fault loop impedance (Zs) of a circuit determines how quickly the protective device disconnects in the event of a fault. BS 7671 requires that Zs does not exceed the maximum value for the device — if it does, the device may not trip quickly enough to prevent injury or fire.
The table values are taken from BS 7671 at 0°C conductor temperature. When measuring on site at ambient temperature, conductors are warmer and therefore have higher resistance — the measured Zs must not exceed 80% of the table value to allow for this. This is the "Max Zs (measured)" column.
Type B MCBs trip at 3–5× rated current and are standard for most domestic and light commercial circuits. Type C devices trip at 5–10× rated current and suit loads with higher starting currents. Type D devices trip at 10–20× rated current and are reserved for specialist equipment. Fuse characteristics differ — BS 88 industrial fuses are faster than BS 3036 rewirable fuses, which is reflected in their lower maximum Zs values.